GEPHE SUMMARY
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Gephebase Gene
Entry Status
Published
GepheID
GP00001297
Main curator
Arnoult
PHENOTYPIC CHANGE
Trait Category
Trait
Trait State in Taxon A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Trait State in Taxon B
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - after 14 days of growth in high Copper environment. 34 lines
Ancestral State
Taxon A
Taxonomic Status
Taxon A
Latin Name
Common Name
baker's yeast
Synonyms
Saccharomyces capensis; Saccharomyces italicus; Saccharomyces oviformis; Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus; baker's yeast; S. cerevisiae; brewer's yeast; ATCC 18824; ATCC:18824; CBS 1171; CBS:1171; NRRL Y-12632; NRRL:Y:12632; Saccaromyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyce cerevisiae; Saccharomyes cerevisiae; Sccharomyces cerevisiae
Rank
species
Lineage
cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Saccharomycotina; Saccharomycetes; Saccharomycetales; Saccharomycetaceae; Saccharomyces
NCBI Taxonomy ID
is Taxon A an Infraspecies?
No
Taxon B
Latin Name
Common Name
baker's yeast
Synonyms
Saccharomyces capensis; Saccharomyces italicus; Saccharomyces oviformis; Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus; baker's yeast; S. cerevisiae; brewer's yeast; ATCC 18824; ATCC:18824; CBS 1171; CBS:1171; NRRL Y-12632; NRRL:Y:12632; Saccaromyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyce cerevisiae; Saccharomyes cerevisiae; Sccharomyces cerevisiae
Rank
species
Lineage
cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Saccharomycotina; Saccharomycetes; Saccharomycetales; Saccharomycetaceae; Saccharomyces
NCBI Taxonomy ID
is Taxon B an Infraspecies?
No
GENOTYPIC CHANGE
Generic Gene Name
VTC4
Synonyms
PHM3; YJL012C-A; YJL012C; J1345
String
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the VTC4 family.
GO - Molecular Function
GO:0005516 : calmodulin binding
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GO - Biological Process
GO:0048016 : inositol phosphate-mediated signaling
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GO - Cellular Component
GO:0016021 : integral component of membrane
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Presumptive Null
Molecular Type
Aberration Type
SNP Coding Change
Nonsense
Molecular Details of the Mutation
C>T (Trp > Stop) @ position 1320
Experimental Evidence
Taxon A | Taxon B | Position | |
---|---|---|---|
Codon | - | - | - |
Amino-acid | - | - | - |
Main Reference
Authors
Gerstein AC; Ono J; Lo DS; Campbell ML; Kuzmin A; Otto SP
Abstract
Copper is a micronutrient essential for growth due to its role as a cofactor in enzymes involved in respiration, defense against oxidative damage, and iron uptake. Yet too much of a good thing can be lethal, and yeast cells typically do not have tolerance to copper levels much beyond the concentration in their ancestral environment. Here, we report a short-term evolutionary study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to levels of copper sulfate that are inhibitory to the initial strain. We isolated and identified adaptive mutations soon after they arose, reducing the number of neutral mutations, to determine the first genetic steps that yeast take when adapting to copper. We analyzed 34 such strains through whole-genome sequencing and by assaying fitness within different environments; we also isolated a subset of mutations through tetrad analysis of four lines. We identified a multilayered evolutionary response. In total, 57 single base-pair mutations were identified across the 34 lines. In addition, gene amplification of the copper metallothionein protein, CUP1-1, was rampant, as was chromosomal aneuploidy. Four other genes received multiple, independent mutations in different lines (the vacuolar transporter genes VTC1 and VTC4; the plasma membrane H+-ATPase PMA1; and MAM3, a protein required for normal mitochondrial morphology). Analyses indicated that mutations in all four genes, as well as CUP1-1 copy number, contributed significantly to explaining variation in copper tolerance. Our study thus finds that evolution takes both common and less trodden pathways toward evolving tolerance to an essential, but highly toxic, micronutrient.
Copyright © 2015 by the Genetics Society of America.
Copyright © 2015 by the Genetics Society of America.
Additional References
RELATED GEPHE
Related Genes
Related Haplotypes
EXTERNAL LINKS
COMMENTS
in line CBM33 and 5 other lines ; putative null
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