GEPHE SUMMARY Print
Gephebase Gene
Entry Status
Published
GepheID
GP00002335
Main curator
Martin
PHENOTYPIC CHANGE
Trait Category
Trait State in Taxon A
WT
Trait State in Taxon B
melanic
Ancestral State
Taxon A
Taxonomic Status
Taxon A
Latin Name
Common Name
fox squirrel
Synonyms
fox squirrel; eastern fox squirrel
Rank
species
Lineage
Show more ... eleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Dipnotetrapodomorpha; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Boreoeutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Sciuromorpha; Sciuridae; Sciurinae; Sciurini; Sciurus
NCBI Taxonomy ID
is Taxon A an Infraspecies?
No
Taxon B
Latin Name
Common Name
fox squirrel
Synonyms
fox squirrel; eastern fox squirrel
Rank
species
Lineage
Show more ... eleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Dipnotetrapodomorpha; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Boreoeutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Sciuromorpha; Sciuridae; Sciurinae; Sciurini; Sciurus
NCBI Taxonomy ID
is Taxon B an Infraspecies?
No
GENOTYPIC CHANGE
Generic Gene Name
-
Synonyms
-
String
-
Sequence Similarities
-
GO - Molecular Function
-
GO - Biological Process
-
GO - Cellular Component
-
UniProtKB
GenebankID or UniProtKB
Mus musculus
Presumptive Null
No
Molecular Type
Aberration Type
SNP
SNP Coding Change
Nonsynonymous
Molecular Details of the Mutation
Gly121Cys
Experimental Evidence
Taxon A Taxon B Position
Codon - - -
Amino-acid Gly Cys 121
Authors
McRobie HR; Moncrief ND; Mundy NI
Abstract
While our understanding of the genetic basis of convergent evolution has improved there are still many uncertainties. Here we investigate the repeated evolution of dark colouration (melanism) in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger; hereafter "fox squirrels") and eastern gray squirrels (S. carolinensis; hereafter "gray squirrels").

We show that convergent evolution of melanism has arisen by independent genetic mechanisms in two populations of the fox squirrel. In a western population, melanism is associated with a 24 bp deletion in the melanocortin-1-receptor gene (MC1RΔ24 allele), whereas in a south-eastern population, melanism is associated with a point substitution in the agouti signalling protein gene causing a Gly121Cys mutation. The MC1R∆24 allele is also associated with melanism in gray squirrels, and, remarkably, all the MC1R∆24 haplotypes are identical in the two species. Evolutionary analyses show that the MC1R∆24 haplotype is more closely related to other MC1R haplotypes in the fox squirrel than in the gray squirrel. Modelling supports the possibility of gene flow between the two species.

The presence of the MC1R∆24 allele and melanism in gray squirrels is likely due to introgression from fox squirrels, although we cannot completely rule out alternative hypotheses including introgression from gray squirrels to fox squirrels, or an ancestral polymorphism. Convergent melanism in these two species of tree squirrels has evolved by at least two and probably three different evolutionary routes.
Additional References
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