ABCB4
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Bariami V; Jones CM; Poupardin R ; et al. (2012)
Gene amplification, ABC transporters and cytochrome P450s: unraveling the molecular basis of pyrethr[...]
GP00002607
Abcb4
P21440
Physiology
ABCB4 gene amplified about 6–7 times
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
ABCB4
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
3 Mutations:
Aphis gossypii
cotton aphid - (species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Shang Q; Pan Y; Fang K ; et al. (2014)
Extensive Ace2 duplication and multiple mutations on Ace1 and Ace2 are related with high level of or[...]
4 Additional References
GP00000036
Ace
P07140
Physiology
3 mutations
Aphis gossypii
cotton aphid - (species)
Aphis gossypii
cotton aphid - (species)
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Aphis gossypii
cotton aphid - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Assogba BS; Milesi P; Djogbénou LS ; et al. (2016)
The ace-1 Locus Is Amplified in All Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: Fitness Consequences of [...]
1 Additional References
GP00001372
Ace
P07140
Physiology
Strict tandem duplication of 203kb encompassing 12 genes ; ace1 heterogeneous gene duplication (susceptible G119 and resistant S119 copies)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species) D
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Assogba BS; Milesi P; Djogbénou LS ; et al. (2016)
The ace-1 Locus Is Amplified in All Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: Fitness Consequences of [...]
GP00001373
Ace
P07140
Physiology
Strict tandem 3 times duplication of 203kb encompassing 12 genes with partial internal deletion of 97kb in the third copy - ace1 homogeneous gene duplications (all 3 copies S119 resistant)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Assogba BS; Milesi P; Djogbénou LS ; et al. (2016)
The ace-1 Locus Is Amplified in All Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: Fitness Consequences of [...]
GP00001374
Ace
P07140
Physiology
Strict tandem 5 times duplication of 203kb encompassing 12 genes - ace1 homogeneous gene duplications (all 5 copies S119 resistant)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species) D
Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1)
Anopheles gambiae
African malaria mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Agouti
Coloration (feathers)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Coturnix japonica
Japanese quail - (species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Robic A; Morisson M; Leroux S ; et al. (2019)
Two new structural mutations in the 5' region of the ASIP gene cause diluted feather color phenotype[...]
GP00001973
Asip
Q03288
Morphology
71-kb tandem duplication that comprises one unchanged copy of ASIP and one copy present in the ITCH-ASIP fusion gene which leads to a transcript coding for a normal ASIP protein
Coturnix japonica
Japanese quail - (species)
Coturnix japonica
Japanese quail - (species) D
Agouti
Coturnix japonica
Japanese quail - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Agouti (ASIP)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Ovis aries
sheep - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Norris BJ; Whan VA (2008)
A gene duplication affecting expression of the ovine ASIP gene is responsible for white and black sh[...]
1 Additional References
GP00001324
Asip
Q03288
Morphology
~190kb gene duplication causing dominant white phenotype. Duplication was facilitated by homologous recombination between two non-LTR SINE sequences flanking the duplicated segment ; possible involvement of gene conversion.
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
Ovis aries
sheep - (species) D
Agouti (ASIP)
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Agouti (ASIP)
Coloration
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Domesticated
Association Mapping
Guo J; Sun X; Mao A ; et al. (2022)
A 13.42-kb tandem duplication at the ASIP locus is strongly associated with the depigmentation pheno[...]
GP00002380
Asip
Q03288
Morphology
"We confirmed that a genomic region harboring the ASIP gene is a major locus affecting the coat color phenotype of Swiss markings in goats. Although the molecular genetic mechanisms remain unsolved, the 13,420-bp duplication upstream of ASIP is a necessary but not sufficient condition for this phenotype in goats. Moreover, the variations in the copy number of the duplication across different goat breeds do not lead to phenotypic heterogeneity."
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Agouti (ASIP)
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Agouti (ASIP)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Henkel J; Dubacher A; Bangerter E ; et al. (2021)
Introgression of ASIP and TYRP1 Alleles Explains Coat Color Variation in Valais Goats.
GP00002381
Asip
Q03288
Morphology
"The white Capra Sempione carried one copy of the AWt allele, which is commonly found in Saanen and Appenzell goats. AWt involves a triplication of ~155 kb comprising the coding sequence of the ASIP, AHCY and ITCH genes (Fontanesi et al. 2009; Henkel et al. 2019). Closer inspection of the short-read alignments revealed that the sequenced Capra Sempione had acquired additional smaller structural alterations compared to the original AWt allele, which comprised a duplication of 1053 bp inserted into a 10 194 bp deletion of the original AWt CNV allele (Supplementary Figure S1)."
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Agouti (ASIP)
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Agouti (ASIP)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Henkel J; Dubacher A; Bangerter E ; et al. (2021)
Introgression of ASIP and TYRP1 Alleles Explains Coat Color Variation in Valais Goats.
GP00002382
Asip
Q03288
Morphology
"The greyish Grüenochte goat carried one copy of the Apc allele, which causes the characteristic black and white pattern of Swiss Peacock goats (Henkel et al. 2019). The Apc allele consists of a central quadruplication of ~45 kb with triplicated adjacent flanking regions comprising ~28 kb and ~42 kb, respectively."
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Agouti (ASIP)
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh)
Xenobiotic resistance (alcohol)
5 Mutations:
Drosophila virilis
(species) D
Interspecific
Candidate Gene
Loehlin DW; Ames JR; Vaccaro K ; et al. (2019)
A major role for noncoding regulatory mutations in the evolution of enzyme activity.
GP00001965
Adh
P00334
Physiology
5 mutations
Drosophila americana
(species)
Drosophila virilis
(species) D
alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh)
Drosophila virilis
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
ALMT gene cluster
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Indel
Secale cereale
rye - (species)
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Collins NC; Shirley NJ; Saeed M ; et al. (2008)
An ALMT1 gene cluster controlling aluminum tolerance at the Alt4 locus of rye (Secale cereale L).
GP00000079
ALMT1
Q76LB1
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Secale cereale
rye - (species)
Secale cereale
rye - (species)
ALMT gene cluster
Secale cereale
rye - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Mus musculus
house mouse - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Pajic P; Pavlidis P; Dean K ; et al. (2019)
Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals.
GP00001867
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
Copy Number Variation
Mus musculus
house mouse - (species)
Mus musculus
house mouse - (species) D
amylase
Mus musculus
house mouse - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Rattus norvegicus
Norway rat - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Pajic P; Pavlidis P; Dean K ; et al. (2019)
Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals.
GP00001868
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
Copy Number Variation
Rattus norvegicus
Norway rat - (species)
Rattus norvegicus
Norway rat - (species) D
amylase
Rattus norvegicus
Norway rat - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Sus scrofa
pig - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Pajic P; Pavlidis P; Dean K ; et al. (2019)
Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals.
GP00001869
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
Copy Number Variation
Sus scrofa
pig - (species)
Sus scrofa
pig - (species) D
amylase
Sus scrofa
pig - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Cebus capucinus
white-faced sapajou - (species) D
Intergeneric or Higher
Candidate Gene
Pajic P; Pavlidis P; Dean K ; et al. (2019)
Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals.
GP00001870
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
3-4 copies of the amylase gene; which coincides with increased levels of amylase activity in saliva
Aotus trivirgatus
douroucouli - (species)
Callithrix jacchus
white-tufted-ear marmoset - (species)
Cebus capucinus
white-faced sapajou - (species) D
amylase
Cebus capucinus
white-faced sapajou - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Papio anubis
olive baboon - (species) D
Intergeneric or Higher
Candidate Gene
Pajic P; Pavlidis P; Dean K ; et al. (2019)
Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals.
GP00001871
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
3-4 copies of the amylase gene; which coincides with increased levels of amylase activity in saliva
Cercocebus atys
sooty mangabey - (species)
Macaca mulatta
Rhesus monkey - (species)
Papio anubis
olive baboon - (species) D
amylase
Papio anubis
olive baboon - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Meles leucurus
Asian badger - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Abduriyim Shamshidin; Nishita Yoshinori; Abramov AV ; et al. (2019
)
Variation in pancreatic amylase gene copy number among Eurasian badgers (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mele[...]
GP00001907
Amy1
P00687
Physiology
Copy Number Variation varies between one and four in this species
Meles leucurus
Asian badger - (species)
Meles leucurus
Asian badger - (species) D
amylase
Meles leucurus
Asian badger - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase 1 (AMY1)
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Homo sapiens
human - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Perry GH; Dominy NJ; Claw KG ; et al. (2007)
Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation.
2 Additional References
GP00000085
AMY1A
P04745
Physiology
Probably gene duplication
Homo sapiens
human - (species)
Homo sapiens
human - (species) D
amylase 1 (AMY1)
Homo sapiens
human - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
amylase 2B (AMY2B)
Starch processing
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies) D
Domesticated
Association Mapping
Axelsson E; Ratnakumar A; Arendt ML ; et al. (2013)
The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet.
4 Additional References
GP00000086
LOC479922
L7N0N6
Physiology
Copy Number Variation
Canis lupus
gray wolf - (species)
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies) D
amylase 2B (AMY2B)
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies)
Published - Accepted by Curator
AtLURE1
Fertilization (pollen-tube attraction by egg)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Interspecific
Candidate Gene
Takeuchi H; Higashiyama T (2012)
A species-specific cluster of defensin-like genes encodes diffusible pollen tube attractants in Arab[...]
GP00000126
LURE1.1
Q4VP09
Physiology
Gene birth
Arabidopsis lyrata
(species)
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
AtLURE1
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
BCMA
Glucosinolate content
Herbivore resistance
3 Mutations:
Boechera stricta
(species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Prasad KV; Song BH; Olson-Manning C ; et al. (2012)
A gain-of-function polymorphism controlling complex traits and fitness in nature.
GP00000136
J9QWI9
Physiology
Physiology
3 mutations
Boechera stricta
(species)
Boechera stricta
(species)
BCMA
Boechera stricta
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Carotenoid-binding protein (CBP)
Coloration (silk)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Bombyx mori
domestic silkworm - (species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Sakudoh T; Nakashima T; Kuroki Y ; et al. (2011)
Diversity in copy number and structure of a silkworm morphogenetic gene as a result of domestication[...]
1 Additional References
GP00000169
Q1HE01
Morphology
Copy Number Variation (up to 20 copies in B. mori ; only one in the wild form; B. mandarina)
Bombyx mandarina
wild silkworm - (species)
Bombyx mori
domestic silkworm - (species) D
Carotenoid-binding protein (CBP)
Bombyx mori
domestic silkworm - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CBF2-CBF4; CBF13
Temperature tolerance (cold)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Knox AK; Dhillon T; Cheng H ; et al. (2010)
CBF gene copy number variation at Frost Resistance-2 is associated with levels of freezing tolerance[...]
GP00000176
B1NSN2
Physiology
tandem duplication of CBF2-CBF4 region and/or pseudogenisation of CBF13
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
CBF2-CBF4; CBF13
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CCL3L1
Pathogen resistance (HIV)
Gene Amplification,
Indel
Homo sapiens
human - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Gonzalez E; Kulkarni H; Bolivar H ; et al. (2005)
The influence of CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility.
GP00000177
CCL3L1
P16619
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Homo sapiens
human - (species)
Homo sapiens
human - (species) D
CCL3L1
Homo sapiens
human - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CPR
Xenobiotic resistance
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Tetranychus urticae
two-spotted spider mite - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Fotoukkiaii SM; Wybouw N; Kurlovs AH ; et al. (2021)
High-resolution genetic mapping reveals cis-regulatory and copy number variation in loci associated [...]
GP00002398
Cpr
Q27597
Physiology
Pyflubumide resistant populations are estimated to harbor three CPR copies by two methods, whereas susceptible populations have a single CPR copy.
Tetranychus urticae
two-spotted spider mite - (species)
Tetranychus urticae
two-spotted spider mite - (species) D
CPR
Tetranychus urticae
two-spotted spider mite - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CYC-like RAY1/RAY2
Flower morphology
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Senecio vulgaris
(species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Kim M; Cui ML; Cubas P ; et al. (2008)
Regulatory genes control a key morphological and ecological trait transferred between species.
GP00000194
CYC
O49250
Morphology
Gene gain by hybridization
Senecio vulgaris
(species)
Senecio vulgaris
(species)
CYC-like RAY1/RAY2
Senecio vulgaris
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Cyp12d1
Xenobiotic resistance (caffeine tolerance)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Najarro MA; Hackett JL; Smith BR ; et al. (2015)
Identifying Loci Contributing to Natural Variation in Xenobiotic Resistance in Drosophila.
GP00000198
Cyp12d1-d
Q7KR10
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Cyp12d1
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Cyp28d1
Xenobiotic resistance (nicotine ; larval stage)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Chakraborty M; VanKuren NW; Zhao R ; et al. (2018)
Hidden genetic variation shapes the structure of functional elements in Drosophila.
2 Additional References
GP00001407
Cyp28d1
Q9VMT5
Physiology
insertion of a partial 1.5kb Accord transposable element and a Cyp28d1 gene tandem duplication (CNV - 3754 bp) that may play complementary role in resistance levels
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Cyp28d1
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Cyp28d1-Cyp28d2
Xenobiotic resistance (nicotine ; larval stage)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Chakraborty M; Emerson JJ; Macdonald SJ ; et al. (2019)
Structural variants exhibit widespread allelic heterogeneity and shape variation in complex traits.
GP00002112
Cyp28d1
Q9VMT5
Physiology
duplication of 6063 bp which includes genes Cyp28d1; Cyp28d2 and CG7742. Associated with increased expression of Cyp28d2 and increased resistance to nicotin
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Cyp28d1-Cyp28d2
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Cyp28d1-Cyp28d2
Xenobiotic resistance (nicotine ; larval stage)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Chakraborty M; Emerson JJ; Macdonald SJ ; et al. (2019)
Structural variants exhibit widespread allelic heterogeneity and shape variation in complex traits.
GP00002114
Cyp28d1
Q9VMT5
Physiology
duplication of a 15297-bp region; which encompasses 5 genes: Msp300 Cyp28d2 Cyp28d1 CG7742 and CG14034. Associated with increased expression of Cyp28d1 gene expression and increased nicotin resistance
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Cyp28d1-Cyp28d2
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CYP6CY3-CYP6CY4
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide; neonicotinoid; host plant)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Bass C; Zimmer CT; Riveron JM ; et al. (2013)
Gene amplification and microsatellite polymorphism underlie a recent insect host shift.
3 Additional References
GP00001473
CYP6CY3
V5SQ25
Physiology
gene amplification (from 2 to 14-100 copies) - CYP6CY3 and neighboring gene CYP6CY4 are duplicated in M. p. nicotianae as a large amplicon of ~325 kb creating characteristic breakpoints identifying the region. CYP6CY4 and CYP6CY3 are highly effective at metabolizing nicotine to its nontoxic metabolite cotinine.
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
CYP6CY3-CYP6CY4
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
cyp6g1
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
4 Mutations:
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Chung H; Bogwitz MR; McCart C ; et al. (2007)
Cis-regulatory elements in the Accord retrotransposon result in tissue-specific expression of the Dr[...]
GP00000207
Cyp6g1
Q9V674
Physiology
4 mutations
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
cyp6g1
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CYP9A
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide; deltamethrin)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Spodoptera frugiperda
fall armyworm - (species)
Intraspecific
Association Mapping
Gimenez S; Abdelgaffar H; Goff GL ; et al. (2020)
Adaptation by copy number variation increases insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm.
GP00002476
Physiology
In sensitive alleles the gene cluster is composed of 12 CYP9A genes and two alcohol dehydrogenase genes. All 30 resistant alleles have two copies of this unit while 28 and 6 alleles of the sensitive individuals had one and two copies; respectively.
Spodoptera frugiperda
fall armyworm - (species)
Spodoptera frugiperda
fall armyworm - (species)
CYP9A
Spodoptera frugiperda
fall armyworm - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CYP9J26
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Bariami V; Jones CM; Poupardin R ; et al. (2012)
Gene amplification, ABC transporters and cytochrome P450s: unraveling the molecular basis of pyrethr[...]
GP00002606
CYP9J
Q8T4S7
Physiology
CYP9J26 gene amplified about 6–7 times
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
CYP9J26
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
CYP9M6
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
Experimental Evolution
Candidate Gene
Kasai S; Komagata O; Itokawa K ; et al. (2014)
Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti: target site insens[...]
1 Additional References
GP00002448
CYP9M6
X5ICI6
Physiology
CYP9M6 has the capability to metabolize permethrin and is over expressed in the resistant strain partially due to gene amplification. The average copy number of the CYP9M9 gene is 4.6-fold more than the standard strain based on qPCR.
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species) D
CYP9M6
Aedes aegypti
yellow fever mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Drosomycin-like 5
Pathogen resistance (fungi)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Chakraborty M; Emerson JJ; Macdonald SJ ; et al. (2019)
Structural variants exhibit widespread allelic heterogeneity and shape variation in complex traits.
GP00002111
Drsl5
Q9VZR2
Physiology
Duplication of the gene and insertion of a 4993-bp region (which comes from part of a neighboring gene). Associated with a >1000-fold expression increase of the gene.
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Drosomycin-like 5
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EDN3
Coloration (hyperpigmentation)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Dorshorst B; Molin AM; Rubin CJ ; et al. (2011)
A complex genomic rearrangement involving the endothelin 3 locus causes dermal hyperpigmentation in [...]
3 Additional References
GP00000258
EDN3
P14138
Morphology
Large duplication
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
EDN3
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EDNRA
Coloration (coat ; white-spotting)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
Domesticated
Association Mapping
Menzi F; Keller I; Reber I ; et al. (2016)
Genomic amplification of the caprine EDNRA locus might lead to a dose dependent loss of pigmentation[...]
GP00002170
Ednra
Q61614
Morphology
1 Mb copy number variant (CNV) harboring 5 genes including EDNRA ; The duplicated EDNRA copies contain a missense variant (p.Tyr129His) predicted to increase the affinity of the encoded mutant receptor for endothelin 3. Menzi et al. proposed a hypothesis whereby ectopic overexpression of a mutant EDNRA scavenges EDN3 required for EDNRB signaling and normal melanocyte development and thus likely leads to an absence of melanocytes in the non-pigmented body areas of Boer goats (thanks to OMIA for the summary)
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Capra hircus
goat - (species) D
EDNRA
Capra hircus
goat - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
ENA1-2-5 cluster
Salt tolerance (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Anderson JB; Funt J; Thompson DA ; et al. (2010)
Determinants of divergent adaptation and Dobzhansky-Muller interaction in experimental yeast populat[...]
1 Additional References
GP00000265
ENA1
P13587
Physiology
uncharacterized expansion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
ENA1-2-5 cluster
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
ENA1-2-5 cluster
Salt tolerance (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Kohn LM; Anderson JB (2014)
The underlying structure of adaptation under strong selection in 12 experimental yeast populations.
GP00000266
ENA1
P13587
Physiology
uncharacterized expansion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
ENA1-2-5 cluster
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EOMES (eomesodermin)
Bird head comb (reduced)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Dorshorst B; Harun-Or-Rashid M; Bagherpoor AJ ; et al. (2015)
A genomic duplication is associated with ectopic eomesodermin expression in the embryonic chicken co[...]
GP00000271
Eomes
O54839
Morphology
a 20 Kb tandem duplication containing several conserved putative regulatory elements located 200 Kb upstream of the eomesodermin gene
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
EOMES (eomesodermin)
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EPSPS
Xenobiotic resistance (herbicides; glyphosate)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Amaranthus palmeri
(species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Gaines TA; Zhang W; Wang D ; et al. (2010)
Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri.
GP00001883
At2g45300
P05466
Physiology
Genomes of resistant plants contain from 5-fold to more than 160-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene than did genomes of susceptible plants - the duplicated section of DNA including the 10 kb EPSPS gene is at least 30 kb long
Amaranthus palmeri
(species)
Amaranthus palmeri
(species) D
EPSPS
Amaranthus palmeri
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EPSPS
Xenobiotic resistance (herbicides; glyphosate)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Amaranthus tuberculatus
(species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Tranel PJ; Riggins CW; Bell MS ; et al. (2011)
Herbicide resistances in Amaranthus tuberculatus: a call for new options.
GP00001884
At2g45300
P05466
Physiology
4 copies of the EPSPS gene
Amaranthus tuberculatus
(species)
Amaranthus tuberculatus
(species) D
EPSPS
Amaranthus tuberculatus
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EPSPS
Xenobiotic resistance (herbicides; glyphosate)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Lolium multiflorum
Italian ryegrass - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Salas RA; Dayan FE; Pan Z ; et al. (2012)
EPSPS gene amplification in glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) [...]
GP00001885
At2g45300
P05466
Physiology
15-25 copies of the EPSPS gene
Lolium multiflorum
Italian ryegrass - (species)
Lolium multiflorum
Italian ryegrass - (species) D
EPSPS
Lolium multiflorum
Italian ryegrass - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EPSPS
Xenobiotic resistance (herbicides; glyphosate)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Bassia scoparia
(species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Sammons RD; Gaines TA (2014)
Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge.
GP00001886
At2g45300
P05466
Physiology
15-25 copies of the EPSPS gene
Bassia scoparia
(species)
Bassia scoparia
(species) D
EPSPS
Bassia scoparia
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
EPSPS
Xenobiotic resistance (herbicides; glyphosate)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Amaranthus spinosus
(species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Sammons RD; Gaines TA (2014)
Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge.
GP00001887
At2g45300
P05466
Physiology
26-37 copies of the EPSPS gene
Amaranthus spinosus
(species)
Amaranthus spinosus
(species) D
EPSPS
Amaranthus spinosus
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase A8 and B8
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Qiao CL; Marquine M; Pasteur N ; et al. (1998)
A new esterase gene amplification involved in OP resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from China.
GP00002641
B1
P16854
Physiology
coamplification of both esterase loci (Est-2 and Est-3)
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
esterase A8 and B8
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase B1
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide; benzoylurea)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
(species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Karunaratne SH; Vaughan A; Paton MG ; et al. (1998)
Amplification of a serine esterase gene is involved in insecticide resistance in Sri Lankan Culex tr[...]
GP00000290
B1
P16854
Physiology
Whole gene amplification
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
(species)
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
(species) D
esterase B1
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase B1 + esterase A
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Rooker S; Guillemaud T; Bergé J ; et al. (1996)
Coamplification of esterase A and B genes as a single unit in Culex pipiens mosquitoes.
GP00000291
B1
P16854
Physiology
Amplification of a region containing both genes
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species)
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species) D
esterase B1 + esterase A
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase B1 = esterase beta1
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Mouchès C; Pasteur N; Bergé JB ; et al. (1986)
Amplification of an esterase gene is responsible for insecticide resistance in a California Culex mo[...]
3 Additional References
GP00000292
B1
P16854
Physiology
Amplification of esterase B1 only
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species)
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species) D
esterase B1 = esterase beta1
Culex quinquefasciatus
southern house mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase B4
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide; chlorpyrifos)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Poirié M; Raymond M; Pasteur N (1992)
Identification of two distinct amplifications of the esterase B locus in Culex pipiens (L.) mosquito[...]
GP00002639
B1
P16854
Physiology
The production of the esterase B is approximately 50- and 500-fold higher in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus (respectively) than in susceptible insects whereas the number of gene copies is about 25 and 250. Differences of about 7- and 95-fold were also found in the degree of chlorpyrifos resistance.
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
esterase B4
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase B5
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide; chlorpyrifos)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Poirié M; Raymond M; Pasteur N (1992)
Identification of two distinct amplifications of the esterase B locus in Culex pipiens (L.) mosquito[...]
GP00002640
B1
P16854
Physiology
The production of the esterase B is approximately 50- and 500-fold higher in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus (respectively) than in susceptible insects whereas the number of gene copies is about 25 and 250. Differences of about 7- and 95-fold were also found in the degree of chlorpyrifos resistance.
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species) D
esterase B5
Culex pipiens
northern house mosquito - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase E4
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Field LM; Devonshire AL; Forde BG (1988)
Molecular evidence that insecticide resistance in peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) results[...]
2 Additional References
GP00000293
P35501
Physiology
Whole gene amplification. Amplification of the E4 gene is closely linked to a chromosomal translocation (the autosomal 1-3 translocation event) and amplified genes are situated at a single heterozygous site on autosome 3 as a tandem array of head-to-tail amplicons.
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
esterase E4
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase FE4
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Blackman RL; Spence JM; Field LM ; et al. (1999
)
Variation in the chromosomal distribution of amplified esterase (FE4) genes in Greek field populatio[...]
2 Additional References
GP00002642
P35502
Physiology
Gene amplification
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species) D
esterase FE4
Myzus persicae
green peach aphid - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase NI-EST1
Xenobiotic resistance (organophosphorus insecticides)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Small GJ; Hemingway J (2000)
Molecular characterization of the amplified carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorus i[...]
GP00002638
Ces1
Q8VCC2
Physiology
Southern analysis of genomic DNA from the Sri Lankan OP-resistant and susceptible strains suggests that the Nl-EST1 esterase gene is amplified in the resistant strain
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species)
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species) D
esterase NI-EST1
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
esterase type I
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Schizaphis graminum
greenbug - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Ono M; Swanson JJ; Field LM ; et al. (1999)
Amplification and methylation of an esterase gene associated with insecticide-resistance in greenbug[...]
1 Additional References
GP00002637
P35501
Physiology
The type I esterase is amplified 4- to 8-fold in resistant S. graminum and that the amplified sequences contain 5-methylcytosine at MspI/HpaII sites.
Schizaphis graminum
greenbug - (species)
Schizaphis graminum
greenbug - (species) D
esterase type I
Schizaphis graminum
greenbug - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Fads2
Fatty acid metabolism (fatty acid desaturation)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Gasterosteus aculeatus
three-spined stickleback - (species) D
Interspecific
Linkage Mapping
Ishikawa A; Kabeya N; Ikeya K ; et al. (2019)
A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes.
GP00001959
fads2
Q9DEX7
Physiology
Fads2 locus is duplicated in G. aculeatus increasing DHA intake and the propensity to invade of freshwater environments. The ancestral copy is on linkage group 19 and the derived copy is on linkage group 12.
Gasterosteus nipponicus
(species)
Gasterosteus aculeatus
three-spined stickleback - (species) D
Fads2
Gasterosteus aculeatus
three-spined stickleback - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Fads2
Fatty acid metabolism (fatty acid desaturation)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Pungitius tymensis
Sakhalin sticlkeback - (species) D
Pungitius kaibarae
(species) D
Interspecific
Candidate Gene
Ishikawa A; Kabeya N; Ikeya K ; et al. (2019)
A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes.
GP00002053
fads2
Q9DEX7
Physiology
higher number of copies of Fads2.
Pungitius pungitius
ninespine stickleback - (species)
Pungitius tymensis
Sakhalin sticlkeback - (species) D
Pungitius kaibarae
(species) D
Fads2
Pungitius tymensis
Sakhalin sticlkeback - (species)
Pungitius kaibarae
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
FGF3; FGF4; FGF19; ORAOV1
Coloration (coat; dog Ridgeback phenotype)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Salmon Hillbertz NH; Isaksson M; Karlsson EK ; et al. (2007)
Duplication of FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and ORAOV1 causes hair ridge and predisposition to dermoid sinus in[...]
GP00000308
FGF4
J9P3I7
Morphology
Gene duplication
Canis lupus
gray wolf - (species)
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies) D
FGF3; FGF4; FGF19; ORAOV1
Canis lupus familiaris
dog - (subspecies)
Published - Accepted by Curator
FLC (=Pep1)
Flowering time
Gene Amplification,
Indel
Arabis alpina
gray rockcress - (species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Albani MC; Castaings L; Wötzel S ; et al. (2012)
PEP1 of Arabis alpina is encoded by two overlapping genes that contribute to natural genetic variati[...]
GP00000329
FLC
Q9S7Q7
Physiology
complex structural variations
Arabis alpina
gray rockcress - (species)
Arabis alpina
gray rockcress - (species)
FLC (=Pep1)
Arabis alpina
gray rockcress - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
FMO1
Xenobiotic resistance
Host plant specialization
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Tyria jacobaeae
cinnabar moth - (species)
Intergeneric or Higher
Candidate Gene
Sehlmeyer S; Wang L; Langel D ; et al. (2010)
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases as a detoxification mechanism in insects: new insights from the arct[...]
GP00000348
Fmo-1
Q9W1E9
Physiology
Physiology
Gene duplication
Lepidoptera
butterflies and moths - (order)
Tyria jacobaeae
cinnabar moth - (species)
FMO1
Tyria jacobaeae
cinnabar moth - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
fog-2
Fertility (self-fertility; hermaphrodite spermatogenesis)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Caenorhabditis elegans
(species)
Interspecific
Candidate Gene
Nayak S; Goree J; Schedl T (2005)
fog-2 and the evolution of self-fertile hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis.
GP00000349
fog-2
Q2YS43
Physiology
Gene birth by duplication of an ancestral gene ; FOG-2 binds the translational regulator GLD-1 and promotes spermatogenesis ; see also tra-2 entry and associated references
Caenorhabditis briggsae
(species)
Caenorhabditis elegans
(species)
fog-2
Caenorhabditis elegans
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
follistatin
Limb morphology (wing dimorphism)
Flight behavior (wing dimorphism)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Acyrthosiphon pisum
pea aphid - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Li B; Bickel RD; Parker BJ ; et al. (2020)
A large genomic insertion containing a duplicated follistatin gene is linked to the pea aphid male w[...]
GP00002138
Fs
Q86NV3
Morphology
Behavior
the api allele from winged males is a 120kb insertion that includes a copy of the follistatin gene
Acyrthosiphon pisum
pea aphid - (species)
Acyrthosiphon pisum
pea aphid - (species) D
follistatin
Acyrthosiphon pisum
pea aphid - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
February 9, 2021 22:00
GL7
Grain size
Grain quality
Gene Amplification,
Indel
Oryza sativa
rice - (species)
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Wang Y; Xiong G; Hu J ; et al. (2015)
Copy number variation at the GL7 locus contributes to grain size diversity in rice.
GP00001541
LNG1
Q9LF24
Morphology
Physiology
tandem duplication of a 17.1 kb segment containing GL7. Both copies encode exactly the same polypeptide and exhibit similar transcript levels leading to upregulation
Oryza sativa
rice - (species)
Oryza sativa
rice - (species)
GL7
Oryza sativa
rice - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
GLUD2 retrogene
Gene expression change (novel expression domain in testicles and brain)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Hominidae
great apes - (family) D
Intergeneric or Higher
Candidate Gene
Burki F; Kaessmann H (2004)
Birth and adaptive evolution of a hominoid gene that supports high neurotransmitter flux.
1 Additional References
GP00000405
GLUD2
P49448
Physiology
Retroduplication; + E7K enhancing mitochondrial targeting
Mammalia
mammals - (class)
Hominidae
great apes - (family) D
GLUD2 retrogene
Hominidae
great apes - (family)
Published - Accepted by Curator
GSS (glutathione synthetase)
Xenobiotic resistance (arsenic)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Chakraborty M; Emerson JJ; Macdonald SJ ; et al. (2019)
Structural variants exhibit widespread allelic heterogeneity and shape variation in complex traits.
1 Additional References
GP00002115
Gss2
Q86B44
Physiology
tandem duplication creating the Gss1/Gss2 gene pair. Associated with increased expression of Gss1.
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species) D
GSS (glutathione synthetase)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
GST
Xenobiotic resistance (pyrethroid)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species) D
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Vontas JG; Small GJ; Nikou DC ; et al. (2002)
Purification, molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a glutathione S-transferase involved [...]
GP00002643
GstD1
P20432
Physiology
nlgst1-1 is overexpressed in resistant insects. Southern analysis of genomic DNA from the resistant and susceptible strains indicated that GST-based insecticide resistance may be associated with gene amplification in N. lugens.
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species)
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species) D
GST
Nilaparvata lugens
brown planthopper - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
heavy metal atpase3 (HMA3)
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Noccaea caerulescens
(species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Ueno D; Milner MJ; Yamaji N ; et al. (2011)
Elevated expression of TcHMA3 plays a key role in the extreme Cd tolerance in a Cd-hyperaccumulating[...]
GP00000446
HMA3
P0CW78
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Noccaea caerulescens
(species)
Noccaea caerulescens
(species)
heavy metal atpase3 (HMA3)
Noccaea caerulescens
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
heavy metal atpase4 (HMA4)
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Arabidopsis halleri
(species)
Interspecific
Linkage Mapping
Hanikenne M; Talke IN; Haydon MJ ; et al. (2008)
Evolution of metal hyperaccumulation required cis-regulatory changes and triplication of HMA4.
1 Additional References
GP00000448
HMA4
O64474
Physiology
Gene duplication
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Arabidopsis halleri
(species)
heavy metal atpase4 (HMA4)
Arabidopsis halleri
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
HXT6/7
Low-glucose adaptation (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Brown CJ; Todd KM; Rosenzweig RF (1998)
Multiple duplications of yeast hexose transport genes in response to selection in a glucose-limited [...]
4 Additional References
GP00000494
HXT6
P39003
Physiology
expansion by inequal recombination between HXT6 and HXT7 (99% nucleotide similarity) ; replicated in two independent studies and in multiple lines
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
HXT6/7
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Durkin K; Coppieters W; Drögemüller C ; et al. (2012)
Serial translocation by means of circular intermediates underlies colour sidedness in cattle.
GP00000514
Kit
P05532
Morphology
Copy Number Variation of <600kb segments encompassing KIT
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Coloration (coat)
2 Mutations:
Sus scrofa domesticus
domestic pig - (subspecies) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Marklund S; Kijas J; Rodriguez-Martinez H ; et al. (1998)
Molecular basis for the dominant white phenotype in the domestic pig.
3 Additional References
GP00000520
Kit
P05532
Morphology
2 mutations
Sus scrofa
pig - (species)
Sus scrofa domesticus
domestic pig - (subspecies) D
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Sus scrofa domesticus
domestic pig - (subspecies)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Bos taurus
cattle - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Brenig B; Beck J; Floren C ; et al. (2013)
Molecular genetics of coat colour variations in White Galloway and White Park cattle.
GP00001345
Kit
P05532
Morphology
duplication and aberrant insertion on chromosome 29
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species) D
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Bos taurus
cattle - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Küttel L; Letko A; Häfliger IM ; et al. (2019)
A complex structural variant at the KIT locus in cattle with the Pinzgauer spotting pattern.
1 Additional References
GP00002197
Kit
P05532
Morphology
Complex chromosomal rearragements including a ~310-kb duplication
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species) D
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase)
Bos taurus
cattle - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) [pseudoreplicate with two Bos taurus KIT entries]
Coloration (coat)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Bos grunniens
domestic yak - (species) D
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Zhang MQ; Xu X; Luo SJ (2014)
The genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens).
GP00001342
Kit
P05532
Morphology
serial translocations Cs6 and Cs29
Bos grunniens
domestic yak - (species)
Bos grunniens
domestic yak - (species) D
Kit (type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) [pseudoreplicate with two Bos taurus KIT entries]
Bos grunniens
domestic yak - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
MC4R
Sexual maturation (onset)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Xiphophorus maculatus
southern platyfish - (species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Lampert KP; Schmidt C; Fischer P ; et al. (2010)
Determination of onset of sexual maturation and mating behavior by melanocortin receptor 4 polymorph[...]
GP00000638
mc4r
B0V1P1
Physiology
unknown in the species used in crosses but a strong coreelation of gene copy number is found with the phenotype in two closely related species
Xiphophorus maculatus
southern platyfish - (species)
Xiphophorus maculatus
southern platyfish - (species)
MC4R
Xiphophorus maculatus
southern platyfish - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
MCO
Metal tolerance (copper)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Erythranthe guttata
spotted monkey flower - (species) D
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Wright KM; Lloyd D; Lowry DB ; et al. (2013)
Indirect evolution of hybrid lethality due to linkage with selected locus in Mimulus guttatus.
1 Additional References
GP00001814
LPR2
Q949X9
Physiology
several recent tandem duplications of this gene are responsible for the 12x increase in expression observed in copper tolerant lines - 6X fold enrichment of aligned reads at MCO
Erythranthe guttata
spotted monkey flower - (species)
Erythranthe guttata
spotted monkey flower - (species) D
MCO
Erythranthe guttata
spotted monkey flower - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
metal tolerance protein1
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Arabidopsis halleri
(species) D
Interspecific
Linkage Mapping
Dräger DB; Desbrosses-Fonrouge AG; Krach C ; et al. (2004)
Two genes encoding Arabidopsis halleri MTP1 metal transport proteins co-segregate with zinc toleranc[...]
1 Additional References
GP00000652
MTP1
Q9ZT63
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Arabidopsis lyrata
(species)
Arabidopsis halleri
(species) D
metal tolerance protein1
Arabidopsis halleri
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
metallothionein (Mtn)
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Otto E; Young JE; Maroni G (1986)
Structure and expression of a tandem duplication of the Drosophila metallothionein gene.
1 Additional References
GP00000653
MtnA
P04357
Physiology
Gene duplication
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
metallothionein (Mtn)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
metallothionein CUP1
Metal tolerance (copper)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Gerstein AC; Ono J; Lo DS ; et al. (2015)
Too much of a good thing: the unique and repeated paths toward copper adaptation.
GP00001289
CUP1-1
P0CX80
Physiology
Gene duplication
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
metallothionein CUP1
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Mlana
Coloration (feathers ; white-spotting)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Columba livia
rock pigeon - (species) D
Domesticated
Association Mapping
Bruders R; Van Hollebeke H; Osborne EJ ; et al. (2020)
A copy number variant is associated with a spectrum of pigmentation patterns in the rock pigeon (Col[...]
GP00002342
MLANA
Q16655
Morphology
CNV with 7 copies of the outer 77-kb segment and 14 copies of the inner 25-kb segment in the genomes of female (ZStW) Almond pigeons
Columba livia
rock pigeon - (species)
Columba livia
rock pigeon - (species) D
Mlana
Columba livia
rock pigeon - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
MLO
Pathogen resistance
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Hordeum vulgare
(species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Piffanelli P; Ramsay L; Waugh R ; et al. (2004)
A barley cultivation-associated polymorphism conveys resistance to powdery mildew.
GP00000672
MLO
P93766
Physiology
Tandem array duplication including promoter and partial CDS; resulting in loss-of-function by transcriptional interference
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
Hordeum vulgare
(species) D
MLO
Hordeum vulgare
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
MNR2
Bird head comb
Fertility (sperm motility)
Gene Amplification,
Inversion
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Imsland F; Feng C; Boije H ; et al. (2012)
The Rose-comb mutation in chickens constitutes a structural rearrangement causing both altered comb [...]
GP00000675
MNR2
Q9YHY8
Morphology
Physiology
7.4Mb inversion (and secondary structural re-arrangement in some individuals)
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species) D
MNR2
Gallus gallus
chicken - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Molybdenum transporter1 (MOT1)
Metal tolerance
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species) D
Intraspecific
Association Mapping
Forsberg SK; Andreatta ME; Huang XY ; et al. (2015)
The Multi-allelic Genetic Architecture of a Variance-Heterogeneity Locus for Molybdenum Concentratio[...]
GP00000677
MOT1
Q9SL95
Physiology
330bp duplication followed by minor indels
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species) D
Molybdenum transporter1 (MOT1)
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (pvmdr1)
Xenobiotic resistance (mefloquine)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species) D
Intraspecific
Association Mapping
Pearson RD; Amato R; Auburn S ; et al. (2016)
Genomic analysis of local variation and recent evolution in Plasmodium vivax.
GP00001482
B7STB0
Physiology
37 kb duplication on chromosome 10 that includes pvmdr1
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species)
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species) D
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (pvmdr1)
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
PHO5
Low-phosphate adaptation (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Deletion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Gresham D; Desai MM; Tucker CM ; et al. (2008)
The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments [...]
GP00000863
PHO5
P00635
Physiology
Deletion. Out of 8 lines; 2 distinct lines evolved structural variation at PHO5. (Interestingly; one was a deletion and another one was a gene amplification)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
PHO5
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
PHO5
Low-phosphate adaptation (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Gresham D; Desai MM; Tucker CM ; et al. (2008)
The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments [...]
GP00000864
PHO5
P00635
Physiology
Gene duplication. Out of 8 lines; 2 distinct lines evolved structural variation at PHO5. (Interestingly; one was a deletion and another one was a gene amplification)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
PHO5
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
PVX_101445
Xenobiotic resistance (chloroquine)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species) D
Intraspecific
Association Mapping
Pearson RD; Amato R; Auburn S ; et al. (2016)
Genomic analysis of local variation and recent evolution in Plasmodium vivax.
GP00001483
PVX_101445
A5K913
Physiology
3 kb duplication on chromosome 14 that includes PVX_101445
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species)
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species) D
PVX_101445
Plasmodium vivax
malaria parasite P. vivax - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
resistance to dieldrin
Xenobiotic resistance (insecticide)
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Intraspecific
Candidate Gene
Remnant EJ; Good RT; Schmidt JM ; et al. (2013)
Gene duplication in the major insecticide target site, Rdl, in Drosophila melanogaster.
GP00002452
Rdl
P25123
Physiology
113-kb duplication containing one WT copy of Rdl and a second copy with two point mutations: an Ala(301) to Ser resistance mutation and Met(360) to Ile replacement. Individuals with this duplication exhibit intermediate dieldrin resistance compared with single copy Ser(301) homozygotes and reduced temperature sensitivity and altered RNA editing associated with the resistant allele. Ectopic recombination between Roo transposable elements is involved in generating this genomic rearrangement. The duplication phenotypes were confirmed by construction of a transgenic artificial duplication integrating the 55.7-kb Rdl locus with a Ser(301) change into an Ala(301) background.
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
resistance to dieldrin
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Rhg1
Pathogen resistance (cyst nematode)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Glycine max
soybean - (species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Cook DE; Lee TG; Guo X ; et al. (2012)
Copy number variation of multiple genes at Rhg1 mediates nematode resistance in soybean.
GP00000985
rhg1s
Q8L3Y5
Physiology
Copy number Variant : 10-tandem copies of the gene cluster in resistant strains ; the 3 dissimilar genes participate to resistance
Glycine max
soybean - (species)
Glycine max
soybean - (species)
Rhg1
Glycine max
soybean - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Rp1-D
Pathogen resistance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Zea mays
(species)
Domesticated
Candidate Gene
Collins N; Drake J; Ayliffe M ; et al. (1999)
Molecular characterization of the maize Rp1-D rust resistance haplotype and its mutants.
2 Additional References
GP00000998
Rp1-D
Q9SWU0
Physiology
Unequal crossing over between paralogues resulting in chimeric gene
Zea mays
(species)
Zea mays
(species)
Rp1-D
Zea mays
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
RPP5
Pathogen resistance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Intraspecific
Linkage Mapping
Parker JE; Coleman MJ; Szabò V ; et al. (1997)
The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and interleukin-1 re[...]
1 Additional References
GP00001009
RPP5
F4JNB7
Physiology
Partial duplication sufficient to increase resistance
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
RPP5
Arabidopsis thaliana
thale cress - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
RXFP2
Horns absence
Somatic sex change
Gene Amplification,
Insertion
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Johnston SE; Gratten J; Berenos C ; et al. (2013)
Life history trade-offs at a single locus maintain sexually selected genetic variation.
1 Additional References
GP00001019
RXFP2
Q8WXD0
Morphology
Physiology
1833-bp genomic insertion located in the 3'-UTR region of RXFP2
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
RXFP2
Ovis aries
sheep - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
Sdic gene cluster
Fertility (sperm competition; sperm competence)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Interspecific
Candidate Gene
Nurminsky DI; Nurminskaya MV; De Aguiar D ; et al. (1998)
Selective sweep of a newly evolved sperm-specific gene in Drosophila.
1 Additional References
GP00001032
Sdic1
Q9W5W4
Physiology
Gene duplication
melanogaster subgroup
(species subgroup)
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Sdic gene cluster
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
SRGAP2
Neuronal maturation
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Primates
(order)
Intergeneric or Higher
Candidate Gene
Charrier C; Joshi K; Coutinho-Budd J ; et al. (2012)
Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation[...]
1 Additional References
GP00001077
Srgap2
Q91Z67
Physiology
Partial duplications (negative alleles)
Homo sapiens
human - (species)
Primates
(order)
SRGAP2
Primates
(order)
Published - Accepted by Curator
SUL1
Low-sulfate adaptation (experimental evolution)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Experimental Evolution
Association Mapping
Gresham D; Desai MM; Tucker CM ; et al. (2008)
The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments [...]
1 Additional References
GP00001083
SUL1
P38359
Physiology
out of 16 lines; 15 distinct SUL1 amplification alleles evolved. Copy number ranged from 2 to 16 ; Amplicon size ranged from 2.5kb to 40kb
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
SUL1
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
SUN
Fruit shape
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato - (species)
Domesticated
Linkage Mapping
Xiao H; Jiang N; Schaffner E ; et al. (2008)
A retrotransposon-mediated gene duplication underlies morphological variation of tomato fruit.
GP00001084
100147716
B1N669
Morphology
Gene duplication
Solanum pimpinellifolium
(species)
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato - (species)
SUN
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
TAC1
Xenobiotic resistance
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Candida albicans
(species) D
Intraspecific
Association Mapping
Coste A; Selmecki A; Forche A ; et al. (2007)
Genotypic evolution of azole resistance mechanisms in sequential Candida albicans isolates.
GP00001091
TAC1
A7IZW4
Physiology
Copy number Variant
Candida albicans
(species)
Candida albicans
(species) D
TAC1
Candida albicans
(species)
Published - Accepted by Curator
TSA2
Xenobiotic resistance (hydrogen peroxide)
Gene Amplification,
Complex Change
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
Experimental Evolution
Linkage Mapping
Linder RA; Greco JP; Seidl F ; et al. (2017)
The Stress-Inducible Peroxidase TSA2 Underlies a Conditionally Beneficial Chromosomal Duplication in[...]
GP00001831
TSA2
Q04120
Physiology
Chromosome 4 whole duplication. Using a genetic mapping strategy that involves systematically deleting segments of a duplicated chromosome; the authors show that the chromosome IV’s duplication effect is largely due to the generation of a second copy of the stress-inducible cytoplasmic thioredoxin peroxidase TSA2.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species) D
TSA2
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast - (species)
Published - Accepted by Curator